Complexity and organisations

Ralph Stacey

1942 – 2021

Complex responsive processes describe organisations as continuously formed in local interaction, with no equilibrium to return to. The nearest academic statement of the book's premise.

Read alongside: Shape

Start with
Complexity and Organizational Reality (2010)
Where they resist the book
Stacey grew hostile to the idea that leaders can shape anything deliberately. The book's third movement, Shape, is exactly what he came to doubt.

Works worth the time

Complexity and Organizational Reality · 2010

The nearest academic statement of the book's premise, and its sharpest objection to the third movement.

Publisher: Routledge

Read further

Where Stacey appears

I. The RiverManagement theory

Equilibrium models describe conditions that rarely hold.

Most planning inherits an equilibrium assumption: disturbance, response, return. Stacey's complex responsive processes describe organisations as continuously formed in local interaction, with no equilibrium to return to. Simon's bounded rationality makes the modest version of the same point — the information required by the plan is not available to the planner.

IV. ShapeManagement theory

Strategy is a pattern in a stream of behaviour.

Mintzberg's emergent strategy is nearly a definition of the Current: what an organisation does repeatedly becomes what it is doing strategically, whatever the deck says. Heifetz's regulation of distress describes shaping as pacing — enough disturbance to provoke work, not enough to trigger flight.